The role of sleep
Sleep plays a critical role in brain maturation (Marks et al., 1995), in the formation and consolidation of early memories (Horváth et al., 2018), in the process of generalization (Friederich et al., 2017), and in learning new words (Henderson et al., 2012). Studies indicate that the instability and unpredictability of the sleep-wake rhythm in the early stages of infant development, although typical of this phase, could be understood in light of changes and reorganization of specific brain circuits (Riggins & Spencer, 2020). During the first and second years of life, the circadian rhythm tends to stabilize, significantly reducing daytime naps in favour of nighttime sleep patterns. Recent studies have highlighted how these significant variations could explain some individual differences in infants’ cognitive development (Mason et al., 2021).

References:
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- Henderson, L.M., Weighall, A. R., Brown, H., & Gareth Gaskell, M. (2012). Consolidation of vocabulary is associated with sleep in children: Sleep-associated consolidation of vocabulary. Developmental Science, 15(5), 674–687. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01172.x
- Horváth, K., Hannon, B., Ujma, P. P., Gombos, F., & Plunkett, K. (2018). Memory in 3‐month‐old infants benefits from a short nap. Developmental Science, 21(3), e12587–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12587
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- Mason, G.M., Lokhandwala, S., Riggins, T., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2021). Sleep and human cognitive development. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 57, 101472–101472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101472
- Riggins, T., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2020). Habitual sleep is associated with both source memory and hippocampal subfield volume during early childhood. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 15304–15304. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72231-z